Genetic engineering is the science which offers with the selective alteration of the genetic make-up of organisms by the introduction of international genes. The formation of recent and artificial mixtures of DNA originating in quite completely different organism is referred to as recombinant DNA and the approach is called recombinant DNA know-how or genetic engineering. This sort of gene multiplication can also be known as gene cloning since this system includes introduction and cloning of desired genes in to the vector.

Tools of genetic engineering

1.restriction endonucleases or Enzymes: These enzymes are used to clave the desired section DNA that are produced by a wide number of micro organism and are normally named after the microorganisms from which they’ve been isolated. Till now more than 250 restriction enzymes have been isolated and identified.

2.DNA polymerase: It synthesizes nucleic acid strand from nucleotides within the presence of ATP and from a complementary strand of DNA.

3.DNA ligase: Perfect Glow" ‘s used to affix the overseas DNA fragments to Plasmid DNA.

4.Vectors: They are essential for cloning gene and insertion of foreign DNA fragments into host cell. They’re of following types;

a.Plasmids: They are extra circular DNA present in most micro organism. They’re the important thing to cloning vectors.

b.Cosmids: They are hybrid vectors derived from plasmids and comprise COS site.

c.Bacteriophages: These are viruses which infect bacteria.

d.Virus vectors: They are with single stranded RNA, DNA and those with double stranded DNA act as vectors.

Numerous steps concerned in recombinant DNA technology:

1.Isolation of desired DNA fragments: That is preliminary stage. In this step the gene is recognized and remoted from the improved organisms. These genes are known as goal gene or overseas DNA. We are able to isolate several types of desired DNA fragments from an organisms.

2.Isolation of the acceptable vectors: Vector is an agent which is used to switch DNA within the host cell. Small fragments from the vector DNA could be eliminated through the use of the identical restriction enzymes which is used to generate the gene.

3.Cloning of DNA: Micro organism are used as hosts for the multiplication of recombinant DNA molecules. The bacterial cell service as a biological copying machine. These process is molecular cloning.

4.Insertion of gene into an organism: The vector inserts the gene into the recipient organism where the gene is expressed.

Utility of genetic engineering in Medicine and Human well being care:

1.Manufacturing of human insulin: Insulin is a hormone utilized in diabetes. The insulin from human or animal is cloned in micro organism and used for the synthesis of insulin.

2.Manufacturing of Antibiotics: Genetic engineering has developed varied kinds of antibiotics. These consists of penicillin, streptomycin, neomycin, etc.

3.Production of vaccines: Vaccines is a crucial immunizing agent. The vaccines elicits antibody for virus have been developed utilizing this know-how. These vaccines are hepatitis-B, HIV, Foot and mouth disease, Influenza etc.

Application of genetic engineering in field of agriculture:

1.Creation of resistant sorts of plants: Switch of specific genes from one species genes from one species to another species play nice significance in exploiting diseases, insect and pest resistance mechanism extra efficiently.

2.Biofertilization:Molecular nitrogen is converted in to Biologically usable kind by nitrogen fixing micro-organism e.g. Rhizobium

3.Creation of transgenic animals: animals that have overseas genes inserted into their germ strains are known as transgenic. They will move the gene on to their offspring’s, and it may be inherited as a mendalian trait.

Possible dangers of genetic engineering

Some Possible dangers of genetic engineering are as follows

1.There is a risk of creation of drug resistance germs and out-break diseases against which there is thought prevention.

2.Unintentional escape of laboratory strains may create havoc on earth which causes contaminate a large population.

3.Introduction of genes like that of viral most cancers into micro organism via plasmids might contain the danger of introducing these harmful genes into man when these micro organism infect human.

4.Hybrid genomes might create some critical ecological problems, the nature of which continues to be unknown.

Transgenic

Any organism containing a segment of DNA from different species known as transgenic organism. It is made by using genetic engineering method. Therefore, it can also call as genetically engineered organisms. Varied transgenic plants and animals have been created by the scientists.